Archive for May, 2009
Cosmetic surgery: Are you for or against?
Increasingly there is in today’s world, where image and appearance are becoming increasingly important and relevant, the need to be beautiful, that is without flaws, and to appear more and more young people (rejuvenation surgery) or slow down the signs of aging.
Cosmetic surgery is perhaps the most popular form of plastic surgery. In 2006 the United States alone, the country most likely to use a scalpel, nearly 11 million patients have used these treatments.
In fact, according to the U.S. legal system, any doctor, regardless of specialization, and undertake such actions. The distinction between the two disciplines, the “plastic surgery” and “cosmetic surgery” is not always purely academic: the first is recognized to ‘American Board of Medical Specialties as the branch of medicine concerned with the repair of defects of form and function, and this includes both the aesthetic and reconstructive surgery (plastic). The term “cosmetic surgery” however, refers primarily to those engaged in processes of surgery cosmetic improvement of the person, or the ‘look’. And in many countries like Australia, for example, many doctors who do not have the status of surgeons can carry out operations of cosmetic surgery.
Aesthetic plastic surgery can intervene to restore that balance that we have failed over the years with the passage of time, or that we never had.
In fact, a physical defect, whether congenital (i.e. at birth) or acquired over the years, can change not only our true image, but also our psychological state, which may cause embarrassment, fear or insecurity.
Then the patient if the surgeon after the first visit established that there is a valid indication, can have a significant benefit by the employment of plastic surgery that has decided to tackle not only in terms of aesthetic and physical, but also from the psychological and greater security and self-esteem.
These are the main treatments for cosmetic surgery / cosmetics available:
- Abdominoplasty: removal of excess fat and skin tissue from the abdomen below especially suited for those people who have had a significant weight loss or pregnancy
- Blepharoplasty (eyelid or facelift): Reduces the excess skin of the upper eyelids and / or lower or eliminate the so-called lower eyelid bags, which make the eye and face them so tired and aged.
- Breast reduction: reduction of the volume of the breasts by reshaping
- Breast additives: a reduction in the volume of the breasts and improvement through remodeling, in cases of hyperplasia
- Gluteoplastica: Increase in volume of the buttocks implants of silicone or injections
- Chemical peel: Minimizing the appearance of acne, pock, and other scars as well as wrinkles (depending on concentration and type of agent used, except for deep furrows), solar lentigines (age spots, freckles), and photo damage in general. Chemical peels commonly involve carbolic acid (Phenol), trichloroacetic acid (TCA), glycolic acid (AHA), or salicylic acid (BHA) as the active agent. Chemical peels commonly involve carbolic acid (Phenol), trichloroacetic acid (TCA), glycolic acid (AHA) or salicylic acid (BHA) as the active agent.
- Mammary hyperplasia: Modellameneto breast.
- Labioplastica: Surgical reduction and reshaping of lips
- Rhinoplasty: Nose Remodeling
- Otoplasty: Remodeling and / or reduction of the ears
- Botulinum toxin: Removal of wrinkles and signs on the face by drug that prevents the contraction of the muscles responsible for wrinkles
- Liposuction: Removal by aspiration of excess fat
- Facelift: Remodeling of the cheekbones using filler (such as silicone) or chiururgia plastic parts (like the jaw)
- Injections of fat, collagen or other filler (such as hyaluronic acid)
- laser Facial laser
Chromosomal abnormalities. What kind of diseases can cause.
In general, children with chromosomal abnormalities are born perfectly healthy parents. The origin of the anomaly is at the time of formation of the germ cells of parents, each of which has only half the chromosomes normally present in cells. It will be at the time of fertilization that the germ cells of parents encounter will give rise to normal chromosomes then that will be half from the mother and half from the father. Although maternal age is not a determining factor for the onset of the risk of chromosomal abnormality trisomy increases with maternal age. Why prenatal diagnosis is recommended for women who have 35 years at the time of delivery. This type of investigation is also recommended when the couple has already had previous children with chromosomal abnormalities, one of the parents or one of their close relatives are affected, the TRITEST shows a high degree of risk.
Diagnosis is possible through analysis of the karyotype, ie the set of chromosomes of an individual. This type of investigation reveals the number and structure of chromosomes and the type of sex chromosomes. To analyze the karyotype is sufficient to examine the white blood cells obtained through a simple blood test. It’s possible to study the chromosomes through the cells of the bone marrow, placenta or amniotic fluid; prenatal diagnosis can thus be done through amniocentesis or CVS.
The main diseases are caused by chromosomal abnormalities of Down syndrome (trisomy 21), the syndrome Klineferter, Prader-Willi syndrome, 18p (deletion of a fragment of chromosome 18), Edwards syndrome (trisomy of chromosome 18 ), Patau syndrome (trisomy 13), Turner syndrome (females with one X chromosome), Williams syndrome (microdeletion of chromosome 7).
Chromosomal abnormalities
Posted by admin in Medical Terms on May 7th, 2009
Chromosomes are structures are present in all cells consist of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and proteins. DNA contained in chromosomes is divided into parts called genes, acts to the maintenance and transmission of hereditary characteristics of the individual. In each cell contains two copies of each chromosome for a total of 22 pairs plus one pair of sex chromosomes (XX for females, XY for males).
Chromosomal abnormalities are alterations in the number or structure of chromosomes that occur in about 7.5% of conceptions. In most cases, though they are incompatible with life and lead to early miscarriage, it follows that only 0.6% of live births are affected by chromosomal disorders. Numerical abnormalities of chromosomes are divided in monotony, when there is only one copy of chromosome instead of two, and trisomies when three copies of the chromosome (although there are, in rare cases, women with four or five X chromosomes) . As for structural abnormalities, they may consist of more or less extensive loss of a fragment of a chromosome (deletions and microdeletions), the existence of two copies of a fragment in the same chromosome (duplication and microduplicazione), the repositioning of a fragment into place different from the original one after a rotation of 180 ° (inversion) or transfer of material between two or more different chromosomes (translocations).